Gestión sostenible de Plantaciones de Pinus radiata

Contents

Sustainable management of Pinus radiata plantations
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Dedication
Acronyms and Abbreviations

1. Overview

GENERAL APPROACH
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
The four phases of radiata pine plantation development
DISTRIBUTION OF RADIATA PINE PLANTATIONS

New Zealand
Chile
Australia
Spain

2. Site requirements

MATCHING SPECIES TO SITE CLIMATIC LIMITATIONS

Natural habitat
Exotic plantation experience
Other abiotic factors
Fire
Latitude and altitude
Aspect
Potential impacts of climate change

EDAPHIC LIMITATIONS

Physical properties of soil
Nutrient stresses
Diagnosing nutrient deficiencies
Soil microbiological factors

• OTHER SITE CONSIDERATIONS

Catchment hydrology

• RADIATA PINE’S ECOLOGICAL NICHE

3. Social, economic and environmental considerations

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SETTING

Australia
Chile
New Zealand
South Africa
Spain
Synthesis

• ECONOMICS OF RADIATA PINE PLANTATIONS
• Typical discount rates and plantation forest profitability
• SOCIAL AND ECOSYTEM SERVICES

Employment
Biodiversity
Landscape
Recreation in radiata pine plantationsa
Carbon storage
Wilding spread
Working with communities

• ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
• TRENDS

4. Pests and diseases

MAJOR INSECT PESTS

Sirex wood wasp
Bark beetles
Pine shoot moth
Aphids and adelgids
Other localized insect problems

• MAJOR DISEASES

Dothistroma needle blight
Sphaeropsis sapinea
Pine pitch canker
Other localized diseases

• ANIMAL AND OTHER PESTS
• PROSPECTS

5. Growth characteristics, wood properties and end-use

RADIATA PINE GROWTH

Growth habit
Shoot development
Growth stages
Growth patterns
Seasonal growth
Longer-term patterns
Productivity rating systems
Stocking and stand density
Crown growth
Branch development
Inter-tree competition and mortality

• WOOD PROPERTIES AND END-USE

Cambial activity and differentiation
Corewood properties
Heartwood compared with sapwood Basic density
Tracheids
Grain orientation and spiral grain Compression wood
Knots and their link to grading systems Clearwood
Log size and sweep
Other defects
Pulpwood and reconstituted products

• OVERVIEW OF RADIATA PINE END USE

6. Radiata pine tree-breeding

IMPROVEMENT OBJECTIVES
BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
THE QUANTITATIVE GENETIC APPROACH
IMPROVEMENT OPTIONS

Provenance selection
Mass selection
Advanced breeding strategies
Incorporation of desired traits
Other recent developments

• DOMESTICATION PROGRESS

7. Producing planting stock

THE SYSTEMS APPROACH AND SETTING OBJECTIVES

Optimum planting stock

• SEED HANDLING
• BARE-ROOTED PLANTING STOCK PRODUCTION

Seedbed preparation
Seed-sowing
Conditioning
Soil and nutrient management
Mycorrhizae
Irrigation
Control of nursery weeds, diseases and pests

• VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES
• CONTAINER PLANTS
• PACKAGING AND TRANSPORT OF PLANTING STOCK
• SYNTHESIS AND TRENDS

8. Establishment and early tending

ESTABLISHMENT PLANNING
THE BIOLOGICAL LIMITS TO EARLY GROWTH
SITE PREPARATION PRINCIPLES
RADIATA PINE SITE PREPARATION METHODS

Hand tool methods
Mechanical techniques
Fire
Chemicals
Other weed-control methods

• PLANTING

Survival and replacements
DIRECT SEEDING AND NATURAL REGENERATION

• FERTILIZER AT ESTABLISHMENT
• FIRST ROTATION FEATURES
• LATER ROTATION FEATURES
• SYNTHESIS AND TRENDS

9. Tending established radiata pine stands

CHOICE OF TENDING SCHEDULES

Schedule evaluation

• PRINCIPLES OF STAND DENSITY CONTROL

Initial stocking

• Thinning objectives

Effect of stand density on stand characteristics
Other biotic and abotic factors
Final crop stocking
Rotation length

• NON-PRUNING TENDING SCHEDULES

Thinning techniques

• PRINCIPLES OF PRUNING

Pruning objectives

• PRUNING SCHEDULES

Pruning techniques

• INTERRELATIONSHIPS AND FLEXIBILITY

Modelling systems
Schedule flexibility

• USING RADIATA PINE IN MIXED SPECIES
• SYNTHESIS AND TRENDS
  STANDS FERTILIZERS

10. Productivity changes and sustainability of radiata pine plantation forests

CONCEPTS
PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES
PRODUCTIVITY DECREASES

Invasive species
Soil fertility changes

• MANAGING INVASIVE SPECIES
• MANAGING NUTRIENT SUSTAINABILITY
• SYNTHESIS AND TRENDS

11. Radiata pine on farms

ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN RADIATA PINE SILVOPASTORAL SYSTEMS

Light competition
Moisture competition
Nutrient competition
Soil–plant interactions
Animal–plant interactions
Tree age effects

• WINDBREAKS
• WIDELY SPACED TREES OVER PASTURE
• WOODLOTS
• FARM PLANNING
• TRENDS

12. Conclusions

LESSONS FROM THE RADIATA PINE EXPERIENCE

Growth characteristics
Species niche
Radiata pine forests and societal values and needs
Radiata pine’s wood uses
Tree-breeding and silviculture
Sustainability
Uncertainties

• THE FUTURE OF RADIATA PINE FORESTS

Glossary

References

Corrigendum